The mosfet itself probably can handle that, but the ramps has a series PTC fuse that is set ok up to 11A, you need to avoid that fuse. Also the pcb tracks are sort of small and long, especially the gnd track. So either take a thick copper wire to back those tracks, or desolder the mosfet and mount it on a separate heatsink, and just solder the wires directly to its terminals. I would choose to desolder the mosfet and mount it separately. But you probably dont need to buy another mosfet, unless that one burns.
You can read the datasheet and identify which pin is what, from the names above, gate, drain and source. Then you can wire it accordingly. The only thing you need from the ramps board is the gate line, and you solder one wire from the gate location of the old mosfet to the gate of the mosfet to be used. And use heat shrink tubing for isolation. Also the tab (the backing of the mosfet) the place where it screws in a piece of metal sheet, that is also connected to some of the wires, read datasheet to see which one, and be carefuly not to shortcircuit the heatsink to another voltage. Anyhow desolder the old mosfet to avoid having two gates tied to same pin, which would increase the capacitance and slower the gate rise time.
You can read the datasheet and identify which pin is what, from the names above, gate, drain and source. Then you can wire it accordingly. The only thing you need from the ramps board is the gate line, and you solder one wire from the gate location of the old mosfet to the gate of the mosfet to be used. And use heat shrink tubing for isolation. Also the tab (the backing of the mosfet) the place where it screws in a piece of metal sheet, that is also connected to some of the wires, read datasheet to see which one, and be carefuly not to shortcircuit the heatsink to another voltage. Anyhow desolder the old mosfet to avoid having two gates tied to same pin, which would increase the capacitance and slower the gate rise time.